究竟是誰推動新自由主義 Neoliberalism

原來The Guardian這篇評論是他們2016年在臉書上最受歡迎貼文第三位，我亦見過臉友對George Monbiot此文讚譽有加。若問我，只能冒著被人取笑，老實回答：不合格！

不是對文章的結論，亦即文章的標題Neoliberalism - the ideology at the root of all our problems有太大異議（雖然過份誇張簡化），而是，Monbiot本末倒置，拼命強調Hayek/von Mises/Friedman等人對新自由主義Neoliberalism的興起（或曰復興）所起的作用，好像這批學者在大財團背後支持下，密謀推動西方政府採納Neoliberalism作為主導思想，待到70年代中，時機成熟，一舉功成，誤盡蒼生幾十年！

我所認知的實情是，到了70年代末，戰後穩佔主導地位的凱恩斯主義經濟政策流弊漸露，造就了新一代，深受大市場/小政府學說（Hayek/von Mises/Friedman等人是表表者）影響的政客執政，美國是Reagan，英國是Thatcher，為Neoliberalism奠下基石。所以，主要是時勢亦即當時的社會（主要是經濟）發展，需要主導理論的範式轉移（paradigm shift），結果召喚了新自由主義，也令該派學者抬頭。

我也認為，這統稱為Neoliberaliam的西方管治主流對今日世界面對的大難題，甚至危機，要負上重大責任。但Monbiot將矛頭指向那幾位學者，是本末倒置，是二流報章寫手的慣技。不合格！

當今世界危機重重，人心不安，Neoliberalism作為治國主導思想看來已走到末路，進入另一範式轉移階段。不過，從目前看，舊的不行了，新的仍未明確，唯一較明顯的趨勢，是各國埋首走自己的民粹路，強調make our own country great again，世界走入追求安穩但反而更加動盪的局勢。

極端市場經濟學

馮睎乾：經濟學怪論

毒販對社會有貢獻嗎？奧地利經濟學派的布拉克（Walter Block）教授認為有。在Defending the Undefendable一書，布拉克指出海洛英引發的社會問題，歸根究底不是來自濫用它，而是來自禁制它。 

書中又談及誹謗。布拉克說，要有效維護社會各人名譽，最佳措施是令誹謗合法。

與其說Walter Block的Defending The Undefendable是“怪”論，不如說“極端”，極端市場萬能論

大市場，小（“小”外加“門”亦可）政府，連海耶克初讀都覺得“重口味”（見書前序言）。

實際上，不少同路人接受不了他的極端思維。


- 想讀這書，可從Mises Institute（奧地利學派大本營）免費下載，epub或pdf版任擇

2012.02 觀讀聽流水帳

讀書

Nicholas Wapshott, Keynes/Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics
- 非常無聊的“對決”經濟學故仔書，讀不下去。

● Raymond Carver, Where I'm Calling From
- 選讀了幾篇，很欣賞，會繼續讀下去。

● 蔡瀾 蔡瀾歎名菜

● 宮本輝 錦繡 （重讀）
- 嚴重失憶

● 乙一 GOTH斷掌事件


電影

● 荒戶源次郎 人間失格
- 電影《人間失格》

● 蕭雅全 第36個故事


音樂

● Metis 人間失格
- 不斷拷問自己 是個自暴自棄的人嗎

觀讀聽 10-08-01

- Leslie Dunkling Collins Dictionary of Curious Phrases

- 李乾朗 巨匠神工
（超級好書。每天隨意讀幾篇，獲益良多 | 曾堯角落：巨匠神工！）

另外，正在讀從網上下載的pdf電子書Hayek: His Contribution to the Political and Economic Thought of Our Time（也可從右圖連結購買有聲書）。

中文世界讀者對海耶克的認識，從前可能來自殷海光，認為他是自由主義大師，近年可能來自楊懷康之流，覺得他是市場萬能論者。究竟F.A. Hayek是誰？他對當代政治經濟思想有何貢獻？讀讀Eamonn Butler這部入門書應該大有得益。（Hayek對我的影響極深，但我對他的學術思想了解程度連半桶水也不如）

Hayek: Individualism and Economic Order

Few other books on economics are as inspiring as F. A. Hayek's Individualism and Economic Order.

This classic is now made available for downloading as a pdf file from the Ludwig von Mises Institute.

- Other books and articles by F. A. Hayek from the Mises Institute
- Taking Hayek Seriously, the most resourceful site on F. A. Hayek.

Krugman, Hayek and Kung

My ex-colleague and good friend Francis asked my opinion on Hans Kung's The Catholic Church and which books by Paul Krugman and F.A. Hayek to read.

Hans Kung's The Catholic Church: A Short History is generally regarded as a masterpiece. Despite his obvious authority on this subject, I didn't enjoy this book very much (a bit boring to be precise).

Paul Krugman's books are usually very accessible. A good starting point is The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008, which was originally written almost 10 years ago on the economic crises in Asia and Latin America. He has expanded the book to analyse the current economic crisis that America (and the whole world) is facing. For a good introduction to the "new trade" theory which earns him the Nobel recognition, try Geography and Trade.

You may also consider reading his manifesto: The Conscience of a Liberal.

Unlike Krugman, most of Hayek's works are "scholastic", with the exception of The Road to Serfdom, which he wrote for the general public.

For a collection of his best essays, I recommend The Essence of Hayek.

----------
●　Taking Hayek Seriously (The Home Of The Friedrich Hayek Scholars Page)
●　F.A. Hayek: Why I Am Not a Conservative
●　Friedrich August von Hayek's Nobel Prize Lecture: The Pretence of Knowledge

●　Paul Krugman Page (The New York Times)
●　Paul Krugman's Nobel Prize Lecture: "New trade", "new geography", and the troubles of manufacturing

John Gray, globalisation and Hayek

Those who are interested in what globalisation brings to this world and like John Gray's "False Dawn" may want to read his review of Thomas Friedman's "The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century" (The New York Review of Books, 11/8/05).

Nowadays, Gray wants to be known as "Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics. Among his books are False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism, Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals, and Al Qaeda and What It Means to Be Modern. (August 2005)". But he once was a classical liberal and had written many books on classical liberalism and Hayek in the 80s and 90s (you may want to read his "F. A. Hayek and the Rebirth of Classical Liberalism" from the Liberty Fund).

But he has changed. Or, in Daniel Klein's words, he has migrated ("The Ways of John Gray: A Libertalian Commentary").

Amartya Sen on the 60th Anniversary of Hayek's The Road to Serfdom

"An insight into the purpose of prosperity" (Amartya Sen, Financial Times, 20/9/04)

[Hayek] helped to establish a freedom-based approach of evaluation through which economic systems can be judged (no matter what substantive judgments we arrive at).

As someone whose economics (as well as politics) is very different from Hayek's, I would like to ... say how greatly indebted we are to his writings in general and to this book in particular. Dialectics is critically important for the pursuit of understanding, and Hayek made outstanding contributions to the dialectics of contemporary economics.

| Taking Hayek Seriously | Hayek Scholars' Page | Hayek Links | Hayek on the Net |

《自由秩序原理》 (The Constitution of Liberty) 代譯序

哈耶克社會理論的研究 ─ 《自由秩序原理》代譯序 (鄧正來)

尚有鄧正來:

分析 The Constitution of Liberty 應譯作《自由秩序原理》抑或《自由憲章》

討論哈耶克思想研究與相關問題

解說哈耶克批判的前提性準備

如有興趣,可溜覽我的 Hayek on the Internet 網上海耶克 網頁

Jason Steorts on Caldwell's Book on Hayek

A review - The Austrian Teacher - from the National Review Online website (23/2/2004).

Reading the Introduction to Caldwell's Book on Hayek

This afternoon I went to a bookshop to kill time and read the introduction to Bruce Caldwell's new book "Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek". Good stuff. I may simply buy the pricey hardcover edition instead of waiting for the paperback one.

The introduction is available online from the University of Chicago Press web site.

A blog on Hayek:

Taking Hayek Seriously: The Home of Hayek Scholarship on the World Wide Web

A new book on Hayek by Bruce Caldwell: Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek (University of Chicago Press, 2003)

Several related web articles and broadcast:
The Hayekian Prism (David Gordon, mises.org, 7/4/04)
The comeback man (The Economist, 4/3/04)
The Austrian Teacher (Jason Steorts, National Review, 23/2/04)
Friedrich the Great (Virginia Postrel, Boston Globe, 11/1/04)
Book Forum (Bruce Caldwell, Alan Ebenstein, Dick Armey): The Ideas and Impact of F. A. Hayek (Cato Institute, 2/2/04)